Metric Equivalent of a 12 Ounce Steak
Metric Equivalent of a 12 Ounce Steak
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Bronze modius measure (4th century Advertisement) with inscription acknowledging Imperial regulation of weights and measures
The ancient Roman units of measurement were primarily founded on the Hellenic organization, which in turn was influenced by the Egyptian system and the Mesopotamian organization.[ citation needed ] The Roman units were comparatively consistent and well documented.
Length [ edit ]
The bones unit of measurement of Roman linear measurement was the pes or Roman foot (plural: pedes). Investigation of its relation to the English foot goes dorsum at least to 1647, when John Greaves published his Discourse on the Romane foot. Greaves visited Rome in 1639, and measured, among other things, the foot measure on the tomb of Titus Statilius Aper, that on the statue of Cossutius formerly in the gardens of Angelo Colocci, the congius of Vespasian previously measured past Villalpandus, a number of brass measuring-rods found in the ruins of Rome, the paving-stones of the Pantheon and many other ancient Roman buildings, and the distance between the milestones on the Appian Mode. He concluded that the Cossutian foot was the "truthful" Roman foot, and reported these values compared to the iron standard of the English human foot in the Guildhall in London [1] (30.4919cm): [two]
| Source | Reported value in English feet | Metric equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| Human foot on the statue of Cossutius | 0.96700 | 29.486 cm |
| Pes on the monument of Statilius | 0.97200 | 29.638 cm |
| Human foot of Villalpandus, derived from Congius of Vespasian | 0.98600 | 30.065 cm |
Smith (1851) gives a value of 0.9708 English feet, or about 295.nine mm. [iii] An accepted mod value is 296 mm. [4]
The Roman foot was sub-divided either like the Greek pous into 16 digiti or fingers; or into 12 unciae or inches. Frontinus writes in the 1st century Advertizement that the digitus was used in Campania and almost parts of Italy. [five] The principal Roman units of length were:
| Roman unit | English language proper noun | Equal to | Metric equivalent | Purple equivalent | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| digitus | finger | 1⁄16 pes | 18.five mm | 0.728 in 0.0607 ft | |
| uncia pollex | inch thumb | 1⁄12 pes | 24.vi mm | 0.971 in 0.0809 ft | |
| palmus | palm | i⁄iv human foot | 74 mm | 0.243 ft | |
| palmus maior | palm length ( lit. "greater palm") | iii⁄4 foot | 222 mm | 0.728 ft | in late times |
| pes (plural: pedes) | (Roman) foot | 1 pes | 296 mm | 0.971 ft | |
| palmipes | foot and a palm | 1+ i⁄four pedes | 370 mm | 1.214 ft | |
| cubitum | cubit | 1+ i⁄2 pedes | 444 mm | 1.456 ft | |
| gradus pes sestertius | footstep | 2+ 1⁄ii pedes | 0.74 k | ii.427 ft | |
| passus | pace | 5 pedes | one.48 m | iv.854 ft | |
| decempeda pertica | perch | 10 pedes | ii.96 m | 9.708 ft | |
| actus (length) | 120 pedes | 35.5 thou | 116.496 ft | 24 passus or 12 decembeda | |
| stadium | stade | 625 pedes | 185 m | 607.xiv ft | 600 Greek feet or 125 passus or one⁄8 mille [vi] |
| mille passus mille passuum | (Roman) mile | 5000 pedes | one.48 km | 4854 ft 0.919mi | 1000 passus or eight stadia |
| leuga leuca | (Gallic) league | 7500 pedes | two.22 km | 7281 ft 1.379mi | |
| Except where noted, based on Smith (1851). [3] English and metric equivalents are approximate, converted at 1 human foot = 0.9708 English anxiety and 296 mm respectively. | |||||
Other units include the schoenus (from the Greek for "rush rope") used for the distances in Isidore of Charax's Parthian Stations (where it had a value around 5 km or 3 miles) [7] [viii] and in the proper noun of the Nubian state of Triacontaschoenus betwixt the First and Second Cataracts on the Nile (where information technology had a value closer to 10.5 km or 6+ 1⁄2 miles). [9] [10]
Area [ edit ]
The ordinary units of measurement of area were:
| Roman unit | English proper noun | Equal to | Metric equivalent | Imperial equivalent | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| human foot quadratus | square foot | 1 pes qu. | 0.0876 mii | 0.943 sq ft | |
| scrupulum or decempeda quadrata | 100 pedes qu. | viii.76 mtwo | 94.iii sq ft | the square of the standard 10-pes measuring rod | |
| actus simplex | 480 pedes qu. | 42.1 chiliad2 | 453 sq ft | 4 × 120 pedes [eleven] | |
| uncia | 2400 pedes qu. | 210 m2 | 2260 sq ft | ||
| clima | 3600 pedes qu. | 315 chiliad2 | 3390 sq ft | sixty × lx pedes [11] | |
| actus quadratus or acnua | 14400 pedes qu. | 1262 m2 | 13600 sq ft | besides called arpennis in Gaul [eleven] | |
| jugerum | 28800 pedes qu. | 2523 gii | 27200 sq ft 0.623 acres | ||
| heredium | two jugera | 5047 thousandtwo | 54300 sq ft i.248 acres | ||
| centuria | 200 jugera | 50.5 ha | 125 acres | formerly 100 jugera [11] | |
| saltus | 800 jugera | 201.nine ha | 499 acres | ||
| Except where noted, based on Smith (1851). [three] Metric equivalents are guess, converted at ane pes = 296 mm. | |||||
Other units of area described past Columella in his De Re Rustica include the porca of 180 × 30 Roman feet (almost 473 thouii or 5,090 sq ft) used in Hispania Baetica and the Gallic candetum or cadetum of 100 anxiety[ clarification needed ] in the city or 150 in the land. Columella also gives uncial divisions of the jugerum, tabulated past the bearding translator of the 1745 Millar edition as follows:
| Roman unit | Roman square feet | Fraction of jugerum | Metric equivalent | Regal equivalent | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| dimidium scrupulum | 50 | 1⁄576 | iv.38 k2 | 47.1 sq ft | |
| scrupulum | 100 | 1⁄288 | eight.76 mii | 94.iii sq ft | |
| duo scrupula | 200 | 1⁄144 | 17.5 m2 | 188 sq ft | |
| sextula | 400 | 1⁄72 | 35.0 one thousand2 | 377 sq ft | |
| sicilicus | 600 | one⁄48 | 52.6 k2 | 566 sq ft | |
| semiuncia | 1200 | 1⁄24 | 105 thou2 | 1130 sq ft | |
| uncia | 2400 | i⁄12 | 210 chiliad2 | 2260 sq ft | |
| sextans | 4800 | 1⁄six | 421 m2 | 4530 sq ft | |
| quadrans | 7200 | ane⁄iv | 631 mtwo | 6790 sq ft | |
| triens | 9600 | i⁄3 | 841 chiliad2 | 9050 sq ft | |
| quincunx | 12000 | five⁄12 | 1051 m2 | 11310 sq ft | |
| semis | 14400 | 1⁄ii | 1262 m2 | 15380 sq ft | = actus quadratus [three] |
| septunx | 16800 | 7⁄12 | 1472 mii | 15840 sq ft | |
| bes | 19200 | two⁄iii | 1682 m2 | 18100 sq ft | |
| dodrans | 21600 | 3⁄4 | 1893 one thousand2 | 20380 sq ft | |
| dextans | 24000 | five⁄6 | 2103 m2 | 22640 sq ft | |
| deunx | 26400 | 11⁄12 | 2313 chiliad2 | 24900 sq ft | |
| jugerum | 28800 | 1 | 2523 m2 | 27160 sq ft | |
| Except where noted, based on Millar (1745). [eleven] Metric equivalents are judge, converted at ane pes = 296 mm. | |||||
Book [ edit ]
Both liquid and dry out volume measurements were based on the sextarius. The sextarius was defined as one⁄48 of a cubic human foot, known as an amphora quadrantal. Using the value 296 mm (11.7 in) for the Roman foot, an amphora quadrantal can be computed at approximately 25.9 L (6.8 United states gal), and then a sextarius (past the aforementioned method) would theoretically measure 540.3 ml (19.02 imp fl oz; xviii.27 Us fl oz), which is near 95% of an imperial pint (568.26125 ml).
Archaeologically, however, the bear witness is not equally precise. No 2 surviving vessels measure an identical volume, and scholarly opinion on the actual book ranges between 500 ml (17 US fl oz) [12] and 580 ml (twenty The states fl oz). [xiii]
The core book units are:
- amphora quadrantal (Roman jar) – one cubic pes (Roman human foot)
- congius – a half-pes cube (thus i⁄viii amphora quadrantal)
- sextarius – literally one⁄6 of a congius
Liquid measure [ edit ]
| Roman unit | Equal to | Metric | Imperial | U.s.a. fluid |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ligula | ane⁄288 congius | eleven.4 mL | 0.401 fl oz | 0.385 fl oz |
| cyathus | 1⁄72 congius | 45 mL | 1.58 fl oz | 1.52 fl oz |
| acetabulum | 1⁄48 congius | 68 mL | 2.39 fl oz | ii.30 fl oz |
| quartarius | ane⁄24 congius | 136 mL | four.79 fl oz | 4.61 fl oz |
| hemina or cotyla | i⁄12 congius | 273 mL | nine.61 fl oz | ix.23 fl oz |
| sextarius | i⁄six congius | 546 mL | 19.22 fl oz 0.961 pt | 18.47 fl oz one.153 pt |
| congius | 1 congius | three.27 L | 5.75 pt 0.719 gal | 3.46 qt 0.864 gal |
| urna | iv congii | 13.1 L | 2.88 gal | 3.46 gal |
| amphora quadrantal | eight congii | 26.2 L | 5.76 gal | 6.92 gal |
| culeus | 160 congii | 524 50 | 115.iii gal | 138.4 gal |
| Except where noted, based on Smith (1851). [3] Modern equivalents are approximate. | ||||
Dry mensurate [ edit ]
| Roman unit | Equal to | Metric | Majestic | US dry out |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ligula | ane⁄288 congius | 11.4 ml | 0.401 fl oz | 0.0207 pt |
| cyathus | 1⁄72 congius | 45 ml | 1.58 fl oz | 0.082 pt |
| acetabulum | ane⁄48 congius | 68 ml | 2.39 fl oz | 0.124 pt |
| quartarius | one⁄24 congius | 136 ml | 4.79 fl oz | 0.247 pt |
| hemina or cotyla | 1⁄12 congius | 273 ml | nine.61 fl oz | 0.496 pt |
| sextarius | i⁄6 congius | 546 ml | 19.22 fl oz 0.961 pt | 0.991 pt |
| semimodius | ane+ 1⁄3 congii | four.36 50 | 0.96 gal | 0.99 gal |
| modius | two+ 2⁄3 congii | 8.73 L | 1.92 gal | ane.98 gal |
| modius castrensis | 4 congii | 12.93 L [14] | 2.84 gal | 2.94 gal |
| Except where noted, based on Smith (1851). [3] Modern equivalents are gauge. | ||||
Weight [ edit ]
The units of weight or mass were mostly based on factors of 12. Several of the unit names were as well the names of coins during the Roman Republic and had the same fractional value of a larger base unit: libra for weight and every bit for coin. Modern estimates of the libra range from 322 to 329 k (11.four to 11.6 oz) with 5076 grains or 328.nine m (11.60 oz) an accustomed figure. [4] [13] [fifteen] The equally was reduced from 12 ounces to 2 after the Starting time Punic War, to i during the Second Punic State of war, and to one-half an ounce by the 131 BC Lex Papiria. [16] [17]
The divisions of the libra were:
| Roman unit | English name | Equal to | Metric equivalent | Imperial equivalent | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| uncia | Roman ounce | 1⁄12 libra | 27.4 grand | 0.967 oz | lit. "a twelfth" [xviii] |
| sescuncia or sescunx | one⁄8 libra | 41.1 thousand | 1.45 oz | lit. "1+ 1⁄two twelfths" | |
| sextans | i⁄6 libra | 54.viii g | i.93 oz | lit. "a sixth" | |
| quadrans teruncius | one⁄4 libra | 82.2 g | 2.90 oz | lit. "a fourth" lit. "triple 12th" | |
| triens | one⁄3 libra | 109.6 k | 3.87 oz | lit. "a tertiary" | |
| quincunx | 5⁄12 libra | 137.0 g | 4.83 oz | lit. "v-twelfths" [19] | |
| semis or semissis | 1⁄ii libra | 164.five one thousand | five.80 oz | lit. "a one-half" | |
| septunx | seven⁄12 libra | 191.9 yard | 6.77 oz | lit. "seven-twelfths" | |
| bes or bessis | 2⁄3 libra | 219.3 g | 7.74 oz | lit. "two [parts] of an as" | |
| dodrans | 3⁄4 libra | 246.seven one thousand | eight.70 oz | lit. "less a 4th" | |
| dextans | 5⁄6 libra | 274.1 m | 9.67 oz | lit. "less a sixth" | |
| deunx | 11⁄12 libra | 301.5 g | 10.64 oz | lit. "less a twelfth" | |
| libra | Roman pound libra [xx] | 328.9 k | 11.60 oz 0.725 lb | lit. "balance" [xx] | |
| Except where noted, based on Smith (1851). [3] Metric equivalents are approximate, converted at ane libra = 328.9 g . | |||||
The subdivisions of the uncia were:
| Roman unit | English name | Equal to | Metric equivalent | Imperial equivalent | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| siliqua | carat | 1⁄144 uncia | 0.19 one thousand | 2.9gr 0.0067 oz | lit. "carob seed" The Greek κεράτιον (kerátion) |
| obolus | obolus [21] | ane⁄48 uncia | 0.57 m | 8.8 gr 0.020 oz | lit. "obol", from the Greek give-and-take for "metallic spit" [21] |
| scrupulum | scruple [22] | i⁄24 uncia | 1.fourteen yard | 17.6 gr 0.040 oz | lit. "small pebble" [22] |
| semisextula dimidia sextula | i⁄12 uncia | two.28 g | 35.2 gr 0.080 oz | lit. "one-half-sixth", "little sixth" | |
| sextula | sextula [23] | 1⁄6 uncia | iv.57 g | lxx.5 gr 0.161 oz | lit. "little sixth" [23] |
| sicilicus siciliquus | 1⁄4 uncia | vi.85 g | 106 gr 0.242 oz | lit. "little sickle" | |
| duella | one⁄3 uncia | ix.fourteen chiliad | 141 gr 0.322 oz | lit. "niggling double [sixths]" | |
| semuncia | one-half-ounce semuncia [24] | 1⁄ii uncia | 13.7 m | 211 gr 0.483 oz | lit. "half-twelfth" [24] |
| uncia | Roman ounce | 27.four g | 423 gr 0.967 oz | ||
| Except where noted, based on Smith (1851). [iii] Metric equivalents are judge, converted at 1 libra = 328.9 k . | |||||
Time [ edit ]
Years [ edit ]
The complicated Roman calendar was replaced by the Julian calendar in 45 BC. [25] In the Julian agenda, an ordinary twelvemonth is 365 days long, and a spring year is 366 days long. Between 45 BC and AD 1, bound years occurred at irregular intervals. Starting in Advertising 4, leap years occurred regularly every four years. Twelvemonth numbers were rarely used; rather, the year was specified by naming the Roman consuls for that year. (As consuls' terms latterly ran from January to December, this eventually caused January, rather than March, to be considered the start of the year.) When a yr number was required, the Greek Olympiads were used, or the count of years since the founding of Rome, "ab urbe condita" in 753 BC. In the centre ages, the yr numbering was inverse to the Anno Domini count.
The calendar used in most of the modernistic world, the Gregorian calendar, differs from the Julian calendar in that it skips three bound years every four centuries to more closely gauge the length of the tropical year.
Weeks [ edit ]
The Romans grouped days into an 8-day cycle chosen the nundinae , with every eighth twenty-four hour period being a market day.
Independent of the nundinae , astrologers kept a seven-day cycle chosen a hebdomas where each twenty-four hour period corresponded to ane of the seven classical planets, with the first day of the week being Saturn-twenty-four hours, followed by Dominicus-twenty-four hours, Moon-day, Mars-solar day, Mercury-day, Jupiter-day, and lastly Venus-24-hour interval. Each astrological 24-hour interval was reckoned to begin at sunrise. The Jews besides employ a seven-twenty-four hour period week, which began Saturday evening. The seventh day of the week they called Sabbath; the other days they numbered rather than named, except for Friday, which could be called either the Parasceve or the sixth day. Each Jewish day begins at sunset. Christians followed the Jewish seven-24-hour interval week, except that they unremarkably called the first day of the week the Commonwealth of dominica , or the Sun. In 321, Constantine the Bully gave his subjects every Sunday off in laurels of his family'south tutelary deity, the Unconquered Sun, thus cementing the seven-twenty-four hours week into Roman civil society.
Hours [ edit ]
The Romans divided the daytime into twelve horae or hours starting at sunrise and catastrophe at sunset. The night was divided into four watches. The duration of these hours varied with seasons; in the wintertime, when the daylight period was shorter, its 12 hours were correspondingly shorter and its four watches were correspondingly longer.
Astrologers divided the solar solar day into 24 equal hours, and these astrological hours became the basis for medieval clocks and our mod 24-hr mean solar twenty-four hour period.
Although the division of hours into minutes and seconds did non occur until the middle ages, ancient astrologers had a minuta equal to 1⁄threescore of a 24-hour interval (24 modern minutes), a secunda equal to 1⁄3600 of a 24-hour interval (24 modern seconds), and a tertia equal to 1⁄216,000 of a day (0.4 modernistic seconds).
Unicode [ edit ]
A number of special symbols for Roman currency were added to the Unicode Standard version 5.ane (Apr 2008) as the Ancient Symbols block (U+10190–U+101CF, in the Supplementary Multilingual Plane ).
| Ancient Symbols
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